5. Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism asserts that the rightness of an action depends on its ability to maximize happiness or minimize suffering for the greatest number of people. Developed by Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, this philosophy has become a cornerstone of modern ethics, guiding decisions in law, economics, and public policy. Utilitarian thinking challenges us to weigh the consequences of our actions and consider their broader impact on society. Its legacy endures in debates on justice, rights, and social welfare.