2. Materialism
Materialism argues that consciousness is entirely a product of physical processes in the brain. Every thought, feeling, or sensation is ultimately reducible to neural activity and chemical reactions. This view stands in clear contrast to dualism, insisting there is no need for a separate, non-physical mind. Neuroscience has rapidly advanced materialist perspectives, linking specific brain regions and networks to conscious experience. For more on the neuroscience behind consciousness, visit Live Science.