The 20 Coldest Inhabited Places on Earth, Ranked by Temperature Extremes

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By Chu E. - May 1, 2025

Humans show remarkable adaptation in extreme environments. While most seek temperate comfort, some communities thrive in places where temperatures plunge far below freezing. This ranking takes you from merely frigid to almost unimaginably cold places where exposed skin freezes within seconds and metal shatters like glass. Join our countdown from the 20th to the absolute coldest permanently inhabited place on Earth and discover how people build vibrant lives in conditions most would find unbearable.

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20. Tromsø: Norway’s Arctic Cultural Hub

The 20 Coldest Inhabited Places on Earth, Ranked by Temperature Extremes — Source: gptcam.dynu.net

Tromsø thrives as northern Norway’s largest urban center, with 75,000 residents facing winter temperatures averaging -5°C (23°F). Located north of the Arctic Circle, the city experiences two months of polar night annually. Despite this challenge, Tromsø maintains a vibrant cultural scene with universities, museums, and music festivals. The city spans an island connected to the mainland by bridges, creating a distinctive Arctic metropolis surrounded by mountains.

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Thriving Under the Northern Lights: Tromsø’s Community Solutions

Tromsø residents combat darkness with innovative approaches. Public saunas provide warmth and social connection after outdoor activities. The city’s infrastructure includes heated sidewalks that prevent dangerous ice buildup. Special polar night festivals featuring music and art counter psychological strain during sunless periods. These cultural and practical adaptations help Tromsø maintain its status as the “Paris of the North” despite Arctic conditions.

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19. Nuuk: Greenland’s Colorful Arctic Capital

Nuuk serves as Greenland’s capital and largest settlement, with about 18,000 residents facing winter temperatures averaging -10°C (14°F). Though milder than many Arctic communities due to marine influence, the city experiences fierce storms and significant wind chill. Colorful buildings stand out against winter’s white landscape and limited daylight. This predominantly Inuit community balances traditional knowledge with modern European influences, creating a distinctive Arctic urban environment.

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Between Two Worlds: Nuuk’s Cultural Resilience

Nuuk residents preserve food security through traditional fish preservation methods. Sealskin clothing continues to provide superior wind protection compared to imported alternatives. Community greenhouse initiatives grow fresh produce year-round, supplementing the limited local diet. Winter kayaking maintains important cultural skills, while community feasts strengthen social bonds during difficult months. This blend of Indigenous wisdom and contemporary approaches supports Greenland’s most economically diverse settlement.

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18. Murmansk: Russia’s Strategic Arctic Port

Murmansk stands as the largest city north of the Arctic Circle, with about 300,000 residents facing winter temperatures averaging -10°C (14°F). Founded during World War I, this ice-free port remains crucial to Russian military and commercial interests. The city experiences 40 days of polar night annually but maintains year-round shipping thanks to the warming influence of North Atlantic currents. Soviet-era architecture dominates this industrial center.

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Maritime Lifelines: Murmansk’s Northern Adaptations

Murmansk maintains its connection to the world through nuclear-powered icebreakers that keep port facilities accessible year-round. The city’s Soviet-era apartment blocks feature robust heating systems that prioritize function over form. Naval and shipping employment provides economic stability that helps offset psychological challenges of Arctic living. Winter sports and indoor recreation remain culturally important, while social gatherings create communal warmth during dark periods.

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17. Longyearbyen: Norway’s High Arctic Frontier

Longyearbyen stands as the world’s northernmost permanent settlement with more than 1,000 residents, facing winter temperatures averaging -15°C (5°F). This Norwegian outpost on Svalbard sits just 1,300 kilometers from the North Pole, experiencing nearly four months of polar night. Coal mining established the community, though tourism and research now drive the economy. Unusual local laws prohibit dying and cats while requiring firearms outside town.

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Life at 78° North: Longyearbyen’s Unique Community

Svalbard residents have developed distinctive adaptations to their remote location. Snowmobiles serve as primary transportation, while rifles are mandatory outside town for protection against polar bears. Jobs at the famous Global Seed Vault provide purpose during dark winters. Indoor hydroponic farming combats fresh food scarcity, while alcohol purchase limits help maintain social order. These measures support a multinational population of scientists, miners, and adventure seekers.

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16. Kiruna: Sweden’s Arctic Mining Center

Kiruna represents Sweden’s northernmost city, with about 18,000 residents facing winter temperatures averaging -15°C (5°F). Located north of the Arctic Circle, the settlement experiences weeks of polar night and midnight sun. The entire city is currently undergoing unprecedented relocation due to underground iron ore mining that threatens to collapse the ground beneath it, reflecting both harsh environment and economic importance of Arctic resources.

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Moving an Entire City: Kiruna’s Bold Adaptation

Kiruna residents have transformed winter challenges into opportunities. Their famous Ice Hotel attracts tourists seeking unique accommodation in structures rebuilt annually. Underground mining not only powers the economy but provides relatively warm working environments during coldest months. Indigenous Sami people maintain reindeer herding traditions that supply food and materials for cold-weather gear. Light therapy clinics offer relief from darkness, supporting mental health throughout the community.

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15. International Falls: America’s Self-Proclaimed “Icebox”

International Falls embraces its reputation as “America’s Icebox,” with 6,000 residents facing winter temperatures averaging -15°C (5°F). This Minnesota border town experiences extreme continental climate patterns without Arctic resource development benefits. Unlike circumpolar settlements, International Falls receives normal daylight cycles but endures months of sub-freezing temperatures that challenge infrastructure and daily life. The community actively promotes its frigid reputation through tourism.

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Midwestern Cold Warriors: International Falls’ Winter Pride

Residents have transformed extreme temperatures into cultural identity. The town markets itself as the “Icebox of the Nation,” hosting festivals that celebrate rather than merely endure winter. Efficient snowplowing operations keep roads accessible throughout the season. Indoor hockey rinks build community connections while providing physical activity during cold months. Heated garages protect vehicles from freezing, while homemade quilted bedding retains precious body heat during the coldest nights.

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14. Astana (Nur-Sultan): Kazakhstan’s Modern Cold Capital

Nur-Sultan serves as Kazakhstan’s purpose-built capital, with 1.2 million residents facing winter temperatures averaging -15°C (5°F). This planned city rose from the steppe after Kazakhstan’s independence, featuring ultramodern architecture that contrasts dramatically with the surrounding landscape. The continental climate brings not just extreme cold but also fierce winds across the flat terrain. Despite these challenges, the city represents Kazakhstan’s national ambition.

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Engineering a Futuristic Steppe Capital: Nur-Sultan’s Bold Design

Nur-Sultan’s planners incorporated cold-weather innovations from the beginning. Futuristic domed structures create indoor microclimates that shield residents from bitter winds. Traditional high-protein diets featuring horse meat help maintain energy during cold months. Steam baths provide warmth and relaxation, while underground shopping malls keep commercial activities comfortable year-round. Strategic wind barriers incorporated into city planning reduce exposure to harsh elements.

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13. Harbin: China’s Ice City

Harbin earns its nickname “Ice City” with winter temperatures averaging -20°C (-4°F). This northeastern Chinese metropolis of over 10 million people sits in Manchuria near the Russian border. The Songhua River freezes solid each winter, transforming into recreational space. Rather than hiding from winter, Harbin has built its identity around the cold, creating a unique cultural and tourism phenomenon that draws visitors to experience rather than avoid extreme temperatures.

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Celebrating the Freeze: Harbin’s Winter Wonderland

Harbin residents have transformed environmental challenges into their greatest cultural asset. The world-famous Ice and Snow Festival features massive illuminated sculptures and buildings made entirely of ice, creating seasonal employment and attracting global tourism. Heated indoor malls and public bathhouses offer respite between outdoor activities. Spicy hotpot meals raise body temperature through shared dining experiences. The frozen river becomes a community gathering place.

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12. Fairbanks: Alaska’s Interior Stronghold

Fairbanks represents interior Alaska’s extreme continental climate, with winter temperatures averaging -20°C (-4°F). This city of 32,000 experiences dramatic seasonal variations, from winter’s brief daylight to summer’s nearly continuous sun. Unlike coastal Alaskan communities, Fairbanks receives relatively little snowfall but maintains frozen conditions from October through April. Gold mining established the settlement, which now serves as a transportation and educational hub.

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Northern Innovation: Fairbanks’ Cold-Weather Solutions

Fairbanks residents maintain connections to Alaska’s frontier heritage while developing modern solutions. Dog mushing continues as both practical transportation and beloved sport. Naturally occurring geothermal hot springs provide warming respite for bathing and heating. Wood stoves remain common in homes, providing reliable heat independent of municipal systems. The spectacular aurora borealis creates nighttime viewing activities that lift spirits during dark periods.

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11. Ulaanbaatar: The World’s Coldest Capital City

Ulaanbaatar holds the distinction of being Earth’s coldest national capital, with winter temperatures averaging -25°C (-13°F). Home to 1.5 million people—half of Mongolia’s population—this high-elevation city sits in a valley surrounded by mountains that trap cold air. Winters bring extreme temperature inversions that hold pollution close to the ground. The city blends Soviet-era apartment blocks with traditional nomadic structures.

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Nomadic Wisdom in an Urban Setting: Ulaanbaatar’s Cultural Blend

Ulaanbaatar residents preserve nomadic traditions while adapting to urban challenges. Traditional ger (yurt) dwellings use portable stoves burning dung or coal, providing efficient heating in circular structures that shed wind. Locally sourced cashmere clothing offers superior insulation against bitter cold. Hot milk tea warms people from within, while winter markets continue operating with heated tents. The city maintains vibrant cultural life despite pollution challenges.

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10. Yellowknife: Canada’s Diamond Capital on Permafrost

Yellowknife stands as the capital of Canada’s Northwest Territories, where winter temperatures average -25°C (-13°F). Home to about 20,000 people, this city sits on the north shore of Great Slave Lake, the deepest lake in North America. The region experiences extreme temperature swings, from frigid winters to surprisingly warm summers. Yellowknife evolved from a gold mining camp to a government and diamond mining center.

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Floating Houses and Ice Roads: Yellowknife’s Creative Solutions

Yellowknife residents demonstrate remarkable adaptability. Some live in houseboats that freeze into Great Slave Lake during winter, creating unusual but well-insulated homes. Engine block heaters prevent vehicle engines from freezing solid, while ice roads across frozen lakes serve as vital transportation corridors. Aurora tourism provides winter income when other economic activities slow. Traditional trapping continues to supply materials for cold-weather clothing.

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9. Iqaluit: Canada’s Arctic Administrative Hub

Iqaluit serves as the capital of Canada’s Nunavut territory, with about 7,500 residents facing winter temperatures averaging -27°C (-17°F). Situated on Baffin Island, the city experiences record lows of -45.6°C (-50.1°F) alongside fierce Arctic winds. This predominantly Inuit community sits where Koojesse Inlet meets Frobisher Bay, creating challenging conditions when sea ice forms. Iqaluit remains accessible only by air during much of the year.

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Inuit Knowledge in a Modern Arctic City: Iqaluit’s Adaptations

Iqaluit residents maintain traditional skills alongside modern infrastructure. Dog sleds provide reliable transport when modern vehicles struggle in extreme conditions. Specialized parkas featuring wolverine fur resist wind and retain body heat better than synthetic alternatives. Seal oil lamps offer emergency heat during power outages. Temporary ice houses support hunting activities away from town. Storytelling traditions strengthen community bonds during long winter nights.

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8. Resolute: Canada’s High Arctic Outpost

Resolute stands as one of Canada’s northernmost communities, with about 200 residents enduring winter temperatures averaging -30°C (-22°F). Located on Cornwallis Island in Nunavut, this predominantly Inuit settlement was established during the Cold War as part of Canada’s Arctic sovereignty claims. The settlement experiences three months of continuous darkness in winter and three months of midnight sun in summer.

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Life at the Top of the World: Resolute’s Cultural Strength

Resolute’s small population maintains remarkable self-sufficiency through traditional knowledge. Emergency snow houses provide life-saving shelter, while hunting seals through ice holes supplies essential nutrition. Arctic fox pelts are crafted into clothing with superior insulating properties. Solar panels maximize energy capture during limited daylight periods. Indoor cultural practices like drum dancing maintain community morale during the darkest months.

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7. Barrow (Utqiaġvik): America’s Northernmost Community

Utqiaġvik lies at America’s northern edge on Alaska’s North Slope, with winter temperatures averaging -25°C (-13°F). This predominantly Iñupiat community of 4,500 people experiences 65 consecutive days of polar night each winter. The Arctic Ocean surrounds the settlement on three sides, bringing harsh winds and sea ice conditions. Despite modernization, traditional subsistence activities remain central to both survival and cultural identity.

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Ancient Ways Meet Modern Technology: Utqiaġvik’s Cultural Balance

Utqiaġvik residents maintain traditional lifeways while incorporating contemporary innovations. Whaling provides blubber for food and fuel, while sealskin boots offer superior protection against extreme cold. Community resource sharing during polar night strengthens social bonds. Snowmobiles have largely replaced dog sleds for hunting expeditions, while bright artificial lighting helps combat seasonal affective disorder. This blend of ancestral knowledge and modern technologies ensures resilience.

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6. Norilsk: Russia’s Isolated Industrial Arctic

Norilsk presents a unique case—a fully industrialized city of 175,000 people located above the Arctic Circle with winter temperatures averaging -30°C (-22°F). This closed Russian city has no road connections to the outside world. Its record low of -53°C (-63.4°F) combines with heavy pollution from nickel mining operations, creating particularly harsh living conditions under perpetual winter darkness. Despite challenges, Norilsk remains economically vital.

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Finding Purpose in Arctic Isolation: Norilsk’s Industrial Community

Norilsk functions through specialized infrastructure adapted to extreme conditions. Above-ground heated pipelines prevent freezing in the mining-dependent community, while dedicated snow removal teams work constantly. Residents combat vitamin D deficiency with supplements during the 45-day polar night. Indoor cultural events and recreational spaces foster community bonds. Higher wages and strong social networks keep people connected to this challenging but economically important Arctic center.

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5. Yakutsk: The World’s Largest Permafrost City

Yakutsk stands as the largest city built on continuous permafrost, with about 280,000 residents enduring average winter temperatures of -40°C (-40°F). Unlike smaller settlements, this capital of Russia’s Sakha Republic represents urban living in extreme conditions. The city has recorded lows of -64.4°C (-83.9°F), forcing remarkable adaptations in infrastructure. Despite these challenges, Yakutsk maintains universities, theaters, and modern urban amenities.

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Engineering Against the Cold: Yakutsk’s Urban Innovations

Yakutsk residents have developed distinctive solutions to environmental challenges. Buildings throughout the city stand elevated on stilts, preventing structural heat from melting the frozen ground beneath. Multi-layered fur-lined clothing protects against minimal daylight hours and piercing winds. Coal-powered centralized heating systems keep homes functioning through months of extreme cold. Outdoor markets operate even in brutal conditions using heated stalls.

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4. Verkhoyansk: Siberia’s Temperature Extreme

Verkhoyansk competes for the title of coldest permanently inhabited place, enduring average winter temperatures of -45°C (-49°F) with a verified record low of -67.8°C (-90°F). This remote Siberian outpost experiences temperature fluctuations unmatched anywhere else, swinging from bitter winter extremes to summer days reaching 37°C (98.6°F). The town’s location north of the Arctic Circle means residents also contend with weeks of continuous darkness.

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Siberian Resilience: Verkhoyansk’s Community Adaptations

The people of Verkhoyansk have engineered their lives around extreme temperature variations. Their homes feature extraordinarily thick walls and specialized double-glazed windows that trap precious heat. Schools remain open unless temperatures drop below -55°C (-67°F). Residents stockpile vast amounts of firewood and maintain heated roads to preserve mobility. Traditional hunting and fishing practices continue to sustain families through the harshest months.

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3. Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station: Science at the End of Earth

Amundsen-Scott station sits at Earth’s geographic South Pole, where temperatures average -60°C (-76°F) in winter. This American research base houses up to 200 summer personnel and 40 during winter isolation. The station experiences one sunrise and sunset annually, creating a six-month period of complete darkness. At 2,835 meters elevation on ice nearly three kilometers thick, residents face altitude sickness alongside extreme cold.

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Creating Home at the Bottom of the World: South Pole Innovations

The crew at Amundsen-Scott maintain wellbeing through remarkable adaptations. Station structures sit elevated on hydraulic stilts to prevent snow accumulation, while hydroponic gardens provide fresh vegetables and psychological benefits. Residents undergo rigorous training for isolation before deployment. Radio communication helps preserve mental health during winter months. Strict energy conservation protocols ensure critical heating systems remain operational for scientific research.

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2. Vostok Station: Antarctica’s Record-Breaking Research Base

Vostok Station represents human habitation at the absolute extreme, with average winter temperatures of -65°C (-85°F). This Russian research station recorded Earth’s lowest natural temperature: an almost incomprehensible -89.2°C (-128.6°F). Located near Antarctica’s geomagnetic south pole at high elevation, the station houses scientists who endure extreme cold, reduced oxygen levels, and complete isolation for months at a stretch.

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Science in the Ultimate Extreme: Vostok’s Human Determination

Vostok personnel demonstrate extraordinary commitment to research under Earth’s harshest conditions. Scientists wear specialized gear that allows only seconds of skin exposure before frostbite sets in. Their insulated living modules rely on backup generators, as power failure means certain death. Six-month darkness necessitates psychological coping strategies. Food supplies arrive only during brief summer window, requiring careful planning for the long winter ahead.

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1. Oymyakon: Earth’s Coldest Inhabited Settlement

Oymyakon holds the title of coldest permanently inhabited place on Earth, with winter temperatures averaging a brutal -50°C (-58°F). This remote Russian village has recorded an almost unimaginable -67.7°C (-89.9°F), cold enough to freeze eyelashes instantly. Located in Siberia’s Sakha Republic, this settlement sits in a valley that traps cold air, creating a natural freezer where few modern conveniences function properly.

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Siberian Ingenuity: How Oymyakon Defies Nature’s Extremes

Oymyakon residents have perfected survival strategies over generations. They keep vehicles running 24 hours to prevent engine freezing and wear traditional reindeer-hide clothing that outperforms modern materials. Their high-calorie diet centers on reindeer meat and fish, providing essential energy to maintain body heat. They utilize a thermal spring that gave the town its name (“unfrozen water”), breaking through ice for warmth.

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Lessons from the Frozen Frontier: What the Coldest Places Teach Us

From Siberian villages to Antarctic research stations, humans have demonstrated remarkable ingenuity in adapting to Earth’s coldest environments. These communities blend traditional knowledge with modern technology. The progression from Tromsø’s mild Arctic urbanity to Oymyakon’s extreme continental cold shows the wide spectrum of cold-weather adaptation. What unites these settlements is the human capacity for adaptation and community-building facing extraordinary environmental challenges.

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