How Octopuses Became the Ocean’s Smartest Invertebrates — 25 Problem-Solving Abilities

9. Self-Recognition and Problem Reflection

Emerging research suggests that octopuses possess a degree of self-recognition and the ability to reflect on their own actions. Studies published in Frontiers in Psychology indicate that octopuses can distinguish their arms from other objects and modify their behavior based on past experiences.
This self-awareness is rare among invertebrates and implies a higher level of cognitive processing. By learning from mistakes and adapting their approach, octopuses demonstrate a capacity for problem reflection that rivals some vertebrate species.